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Updated: Aug 5, 2026

Cognitive Function and Upper Limb Rehabilitation Training Post-Stroke Using a Digital Occupational Training System
Published on: December 29, 2023
Are aquatic exercises feasible post stroke? What do we know after an overview of systematic reviews?
Luana Paixão1, Karen Obara1, Carla T Silva1
1Aquatic Physical Therapy Center, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Clinical Epidemiology, PAIFIT Research Group, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
Abstract:
BackgroundAquatic exercises might be considered a safe modality for the treatment of individuals after stroke.ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of aquatic exercise (AE) compared to land-based conventional therapy or no intervention.MethodsThis overview of systematic reviews (SR) followed the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration, the protocol was registered on PROSPERO, and the risk of bias was assessed by AMSTAR-2. The databases Medline, Embase, Web of Science, SportDiscus, Cinahl, Scopus, Scielo, and PEDro, from 1945 to 2024, were used.ResultsIn total, 15 SRs were included. All reviews showed methodological failure according to the AMSTAR-2 classification, being shown to be critically low. The domains that presented the worst performance were related to the registration of the protocol, assessment of the risk of bias of the primary studies, and adequate conduction of the meta-analysis.ConclusionsAccording to the included reviews, aquatic exercise can be effective, especially in improving balance, however, caution is needed to interpret these findings due to their critically low methodological quality. No adverse effects were reported in any of the reviews.
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