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PEDIAS In & Out: A structured clinical reasoning framework for differential diagnosis in small animal practice
1Community Outreach Wellness Clinic, Niagara SPCA and Humane Society, Welland, Ontario, Canada.
Abstract:
PEDIAS In & Out is a 2-stage clinical reasoning framework designed to organize differential diagnosis in veterinary medicine by sequentially evaluating external (exogenous) causes before internal (endogenous) disease processes. The framework aims to improve diagnostic clarity, reduce cognitive load, and enhance efficiency in real-world clinical settings. Developed through 4 y of application in small animal practice, this system provides a structured, repeatable, and cognitively accessible approach for generating comprehensive differential diagnosis lists. Its utility spans both routine clinical use and veterinary education, offering a practical alternative to traditional, resource-intensive diagnostic methods.
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