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Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Type 2 Diabetes and Beyond: A Review
Justin A Dower1, Minna Johansson2,3, Anne W Camp4
1Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
JAMA Internal Medicine
|August 3, 2026
Summary
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) shows modest benefits for type 2 diabetes patients, reducing A1c by 0.3%. Evidence for its use in other groups, like those without diabetes or on minimal therapy, remains uncertain, requiring careful deployment.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases
- Medical Devices and Technology
Background:
- Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was initially for type 1 diabetes but is expanding to type 2 diabetes and individuals without diabetes.
- This expansion necessitates a critical review of evidence across diverse populations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the evidence for CGM use in nonpregnant adults beyond type 1 diabetes.
- To clarify benefits, modest effects, and uncertainties of CGM in various patient groups.
Main Methods:
- Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized trials were examined.
- Clinical guidelines on CGM use were analyzed.
- Focus was on glycemic outcomes, hypoglycemia, patient-reported outcomes, and unintended consequences.
Main Results:
- In type 2 diabetes, CGM use showed a consistent, modest reduction in hemoglobin A1c (approx. 0.3%) compared to standard monitoring.
- Some patients experienced greater benefits from CGM.
- Limited evidence supports CGM for those with type 2 diabetes on no glucose-lowering therapy, prediabetes, or obesity.
Conclusions:
- CGM deployment should be problem-driven, not a default.
- Equitable implementation aligned with patient goals and clinical context is crucial.
- Avoid overuse in populations with unproven benefits to ensure those most likely to benefit are prioritized.
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