Organoids in endometrial diseases: from bench to bedside

The endometrium, a dynamic tissue of paramount importance to female reproductive health, undergoes cyclic remodeling governed by hormonal signals. Endometrial diseases have a relatively high incidence rate and exert a considerable influence on women's quality of life; however, their underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Endometrial organoids (EOs) possess considerable potential to replicate tissue-specific functions and disease phenotypes. This review begins by outlining the physiological and pathological basis of the endometrium, then systematically reviews the latest progress in EOs research, emphasizing the importance of developing precise organoid models. We further discuss strategies for organoid construction, key characteristics, and functional validation methods. Applications of EOs in modeling endometrial diseases, drug screening, and personalized therapy are summarized. Finally, we address current challenges in the field and suggest future directions. Despite challenges related to standardization and clinical translation, continued refinement of EOs systems will deepen our understanding of endometrial biology and accelerate the development of targeted therapies for endometrial diseases.