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High-Torque Interval Warm-Up Increases Internal Load Compared With a Classic Protocol but Does Not Affect Subsequent
Leonardo Cesanelli1, Marco Pernigoni1,2, Fabio Zambolin3,4
1Institute of Sport Science and Innovations,Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
|August 3, 2026
Summary
A high-torque interval warm-up (WUT) in cycling causes greater physiological strain but does not improve performance in short time trials (TTs) compared to a classic warm-up. Both warm-up strategies are equally effective for maximal efforts.
Area of Science:
- Exercise Physiology
- Sports Science
- Cycling Performance
Background:
- Short cycling time trials (TTs) require immediate maximal power output.
- Effective warm-up strategies are crucial for optimizing performance in maximal efforts.
- The high-torque interval warm-up (WUT) is a novel approach to prepare cyclists.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare the physiological, perceptual, and performance effects of a WUT versus a classic warm-up.
- To evaluate the impact of different warm-up protocols on simulated 3-km TT performance.
- To determine if WUT enhances short-duration cycling performance.
Main Methods:
- Fourteen competitive male cyclists participated in a randomized crossover study.
- Cyclists completed a simulated 3-km TT after either a classic warm-up or a WUT.
- Physiological (oxygen uptake, heart rate) and perceptual (exertion) data were collected.
Main Results:
- WUT induced significantly higher oxygen uptake, peak oxygen uptake, heart rate, and perceived exertion.
- No significant differences were observed in TT completion time, power output, or cadence between warm-up conditions.
- Increased muscle soreness was noted after WUT but did not affect performance.
Conclusions:
- While WUT leads to greater physiological activation, it does not improve short TT performance over a classic warm-up.
- Both warm-up strategies are equally effective for preparing cyclists for short, maximal efforts.
- The choice between WUT and classic warm-up may depend on individual preference and practical factors.
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