Neuroinflammatory pathways linking pain and rehabilitation outcomes in schizophrenia: a narrative review

Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling neuropsychiatric disorder traditionally defined by psychotic and cognitive symptoms. Increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammatory mechanisms contribute to its pathophysiology and may also underlie common but underrecognized somatic manifestations. These include altered pain perception, characterized by both diminished sensitivity and chronic pain, with important implications for functional outcomes and rehabilitation.

This narrative review examines clinical, preclinical, and translational studies addressing the role of neuroinflammation in schizophrenia, with a specific focus on microglial and astrocytic activation, cytokine signaling, oxidative stress pathways, and their interactions with central pain processing circuits. The review was informed by targeted searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering articles published from database inception to January 2026, with emphasis on studies relevant to pain modulation, symptom expression, and neurobiological heterogeneity in schizophrenia.

Neuroinflammation represents a biologically plausible link between core schizophrenia pathology and altered pain perception. Recognition of pain as an integrated component of disease biology, rather than a secondary complaint, may improve clinical assessment and treatment planning. Investigating and targeting neuroinflammatory pathways holds promise for personalized interventions that address neuropsychiatric symptoms and pain, potentially enhancing rehabilitation outcomes and quality of life.