Phage as a prospective arsenal against superbugs

Area of Science:

• Microbiology
• Virology
• Biotechnology

Background:

• Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates novel therapeutic strategies beyond traditional antibiotics.
• Bacteriophage (phage) therapy, using viruses to target bacteria, is a re-emerging and promising alternative.
• Phages offer advantages like specificity, self-amplification, and biofilm penetration.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current state of phage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics.
• To examine advanced applications, translational workflows, and therapeutic areas for phage therapy.
• To identify challenges and future directions for integrating phage therapy into modern medicine.

Main Methods:

• Genome-based classification of phages.
• Analysis of biotechnological applications: genetic engineering, phage-derived proteins, phage-antibiotic combinations (PAS).
• Critical review of the translational workflow from sourcing to clinical delivery.

Main Results:

• Phage therapy demonstrates high specificity, self-amplification, and biofilm penetration.
• Advanced applications include genetically engineered phages and synergistic combinations with antibiotics.
• Clinical evidence from compassionate use and trials shows promise, but hurdles remain.

Conclusions:

• Phage therapy is a viable strategy against AMR, with significant therapeutic potential.
• Overcoming scientific, regulatory, and commercial challenges is crucial for widespread adoption.
• Synthetic biology and AI integration will enhance phage therapy's precision and adaptability.