Patient Portal Activation Among Neurology Patients: A Cross-Sectional Multiscale Analysis of Disparities by Ward,...

Patient portals are essential infrastructure, reinforced by the 21st Century Cures Act, yet adoption remains inequitable. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated portal adoption as telehealth expansion and remote test-result delivery made electronic access integral to care, but racial and ethnic disparities persisted. Understanding activation determinants is critical for addressing digital health disparities, particularly among neurology patients, for whom cognitive, speech, and mobility impairments can complicate portal use.

We examined the demographic, geographic, and neighborhood-level factors associated with patient portal activation among neurology patients in the Washington, DC metropolitan area.

We conducted a cross-sectional study of 72,417 patients with at least one outpatient neurology encounter (including telehealth) at two academic medical centers sharing a common electronic health record in Washington, DC. The primary outcome was portal activation, defined as having logged into the portal at least once (a manual patient step). We examined associations using multivariable logistic regression (reporting adjusted odds ratios [aORs]) adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, visit counts, and year of most recent encounter, and we assessed geographic patterning at multiple scales (the DC metropolitan catchment area, DC's eight wards, census tracts via geocoded addresses, and residential zip codes) using Pearson and Spearman correlations between ward- and tract-level American Community Survey indicators and activation.

Portal activation was 64.7% overall (46,851/72,417); patients averaged 9.7 visits (SD 18.9). Activation varied by race/ethnicity: Non-Hispanic White 76.1% (21,420/28,154), Non-Hispanic Asian 57.6% (1,109/1,925), Non-Hispanic Black 57.0% (13,057/22,900), and Hispanic 55.0% (1,979/3,600). In adjusted models, odds of activation were lower for Non-Hispanic Black (aOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.44-0.48), Hispanic (aOR 0.34, 95% CI 0.31-0.37), and Non-Hispanic Asian (aOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.42-0.52) patients versus Non-Hispanic White patients, and each SD increase in age was associated with lower odds (aOR 0.60, 95% CI 0.59-0.61; all P<.001). Activation differed across DC wards, from 48.0% (Ward 7) to 82.0% (Ward 2). Ward-level activation correlated strongly with educational attainment (r=0.95, P<.001), broadband access (r=0.89, P=.003), and median income (r=0.81, P=.02); educational attainment was the strongest independent neighborhood predictor in joint models. Within individual wards, Non-Hispanic White patients activated at 85.7%-91.2% versus 50.5%-63.6% for Non-Hispanic Black patients, and disparities persisted in a sensitivity analysis restricted to 2024-2026 encounters (Non-Hispanic Black aOR 0.37, 95% CI 0.35-0.39).

To our knowledge, this is the first multi-scale geographic analysis of patient portal activation. Activation was shaped by demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic factors, yet racial disparities persisted within individual wards regardless of socioeconomic advantage, indicating that neighborhood resources alone do not explain the digital divide. Health systems should pair targeted measures, such as ward-level enrollment support and digital literacy assistance, with culturally tailored, clinic-based activation support to achieve digital health equity.