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The Scale for AI Literacy in Health Care Workers: Development and Validation
Chin-Siang Ang1, Sakura Ito1, Saumya Bajaj2
1Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore, 65 69047025.
Journal of Medical Internet Research
|August 4, 2026
Summary
A new Scale for AI Literacy in Health Care Workers (SAIL-HCW) was developed and validated. This tool assesses AI literacy in healthcare professionals, crucial for safe and effective AI integration in medicine.
Area of Science:
- Healthcare Informatics
- Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
- Psychometrics
Background:
- Limited validated instruments exist to assess Artificial Intelligence (AI) literacy among healthcare workers.
- Existing AI literacy measures may not be suitable for the specific competencies required in healthcare practice.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and validate the Scale for AI Literacy in Health Care Workers (SAIL-HCW).
- To create an instrument assessing AI literacy across domains relevant to healthcare professionals.
Main Methods:
- A 3-phase study involving literature review, expert review, and psychometric testing with 425 healthcare workers.
- Instrument development included item generation, content/face validity assessment, and psychometric analysis (EFA, CFA).
- Reliability (Cronbach alpha, McDonald omega) and construct validity (AI training, AI use, self-rated literacy) were evaluated.
Main Results:
- The final SAIL-HCW comprises 14 items across 7 domains, demonstrating a robust bifactor model structure.
- High internal consistency (Cronbach α=0.937, ω=0.938) and good domain-level reliability were observed.
- Construct validity was supported, with higher scores correlating with prior AI training, frequent AI use, and higher self-rated AI literacy.
Conclusions:
- The SAIL-HCW is a validated and reliable instrument for assessing AI literacy in healthcare workers.
- AI literacy in healthcare can be conceptualized as a general factor with domain-specific components.
- The scale is valuable for research and educational assessments, with further validation recommended.
Related Concept Videos
01:21Health Literacy
Health literacy is an individual's or a community's capacity to comprehend, receive, read, and use relevant healthcare information and services. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) defines health literacy as the cognitive and social skills that determine the ability of individuals to gain access to, understand, and use information in ways that promote and maintain good health. As a result, the WHO helps individuals manage long-term health concerns, participate in preventative programs,...
01:03Data Validation
Data validation is an essential part of a comprehensive assessment. Validation is confirming or verifying and opening the door to gathering more assessment data as it clarifies vague or unclear data. The process of checking and verifying the collected information is called data validation. The primary purpose of data validation is to ensure data is as free from error, bias, and misinterpretation as possible.
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