Engineered microorganisms and nanomaterials in cancer therapy: Emerging hybrid systems and translational challenges

The convergence of synthetic biology and nanotechnology has created new opportunities for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Engineered microorganisms exhibit unique tumor-targeting, colonization, and immunomodulatory capabilities, while nanomaterials provide versatile platforms for drug delivery, imaging, and controlled therapeutic release. This review summarizes recent advances in the application of engineered microorganisms and nanomaterials in oncology, with a focus on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic potential, and translational challenges. We discuss the roles of the tumor microbiome in cancer progression, microbial engineering strategies for tumor targeting and immune regulation, and the development of nanomaterial-based delivery systems and immunotherapies. Particular attention is given to microbe-nanomaterial hybrid platforms, which combine the advantages of both systems to enhance therapeutic efficacy and modulate the tumor microenvironment. Finally, key challenges related to biosafety, biocompatibility, regulatory approval, and clinical translation are highlighted. The integration of engineered microorganisms and nanomaterials represents a promising strategy for next-generation precision oncology and may accelerate the development of more effective and personalized cancer therapies.