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Updated: Aug 11, 2026

Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field
Published on: August 2, 2011
Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza detected in wild bird feces, Eastern Mongolia, 2024
Se-Hee An1, Temuulen Myagmarsuren2, Gyeong-Beom Heo1
1Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.
Importance:
Despite ongoing intercontinental spread of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), surveillance data from Mongolia -- a critical junction between Central and East Asian migratory flyways -- remain scarce, leaving a gap in understanding how viruses move between northern breeding areas and southern wintering grounds.
Objective:
We aimed to detect and genetically characterize HPAI viruses in wild bird populations in Mongolia and assess their relationship with viruses circulating in East Asia.
Methods:
Active surveillance was conducted at Ganga Lake, Mongolia, in October 2024. A total of 352 wild bird fecal samples were collected and tested for AIVs. Viral isolates were subtyped, whole-genome sequenced, and phylogenetically analyzed. Host species was identified using c oxidase I barcoding.
Results:
Sixteen AIVs were isolated, including one clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAI virus (M9-3) from whooper swan feces. Genomic analysis revealed M9-3 had > 99% similarity with Korean and Japanese H5N1 isolates reported in late 2024 and undergone recent reassortment and disseminated through migratory flyways.
Conclusions And Relevance:
This is the first detection of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 in Eastern Mongolia in a fecal sample during late autumn. These findings underscore Mongolia's importance as a sentinel location for interregional HPAI dissemination.
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