Anatomical adaptation of a custom 3D prosthesis for canine laryngeal stenosis: a preliminary cadaveric study

Laryngeal stenosis is a frequent and life-threatening cause of upper airway obstruction in dogs. Current surgical options, although effective, are invasive and associated with high morbidity. Species-specific laryngeal stents may provide a safer alternative.

To evaluate the anatomical adaptation and feasibility of a novel custom three-dimensional (3D)-printed laryngeal prosthesis designed for canine laryngeal stenosis in a cadaveric model.

A prototype stent was produced using 3D printing and assessed in eight canine cadavers of different breeds and skull conformations. Glottic opening was measured at baseline, after endotracheal intubation, and following stent placement using calibrated laryngoscopic imaging. Anatomical fit, displacement, and epiglottic function were evaluated.

After stent placement, mean glottic opening was consistently smaller than that achieved with endotracheal tubes (e.g., size L: 17.3 ± 2.26 mm vs. 23.65 ± 6.72 mm), although this difference was not statistically significant, suggesting a more physiologic dilation. Optimal anatomical adaptation was observed in five of eight cases. Mild displacement occurred only in undersized implants, and epiglottic closure was preserved in all specimens.

This preliminary cadaveric study demonstrates that a custom canine-specific 3D laryngeal prosthesis can achieve stable anatomical integration without excessive glottic expansion or interference with epiglottic function. Although cadaveric testing cannot assess inflammatory responses, the limited dilation observed indicates low radial force. These findings support the potential of this device as a species-specific alternative to traditional surgical approaches. In vivo evaluation with medical-grade materials is warranted to confirm safety, tolerability, and long-term efficacy.