Apelin: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Degenerative Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System

Degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system, including sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis, represent a cluster of age-associated conditions pathologically linked to chronic inflammation, oxidative stress imbalance, and endocrine dysregulation. These musculoskeletal diseases have emerged as a critical public health concern in aging populations worldwide, significantly compromising functional mobility and overall quality of life. Apelin, an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor apelin receptor (APJ), constitutes a crucial component of the apelin/APJ signaling system that exhibits extensive distribution throughout human physiological systems. The multifaceted regulatory roles of apelin in cellular homeostasis, tissue remodeling, and inflammatory responses position it as a promising therapeutic target for these degenerative conditions. This review mainly discusses the effects of apelin on the occurrence and development of degenerative diseases in different musculoskeletal systems, aiming to establish a scientific foundation for future investigations and to identify novel therapeutic strategies for these conditions.