Enhancing seismic imaging via 5D regularization and interpolation: case study from Bazuzi Field, Sirte Basin, Libya

Irregular spatial sampling, acquisition gaps, and operational constraints compromise the resolution and fidelity of seismic imaging, often causing aliasing, amplitude distortions, and migration artifacts that hinder structural interpretation and reservoir characterization. This research evaluates five-dimensional (5D) regularization and interpolation for reconstructing incomplete seismic datasets. The study applies 3D seismic data from the Bazuzi Field, Sirte Basin, North Libya-a region characterized by sparse shot-receiver spacing and irregular offset-azimuth coverage. By integrating 5D interpolation into the pre-stack domain (inline, crossline, offset, azimuth, and time), a continuous, uniformly sampled wavefield is reconstructed, providing optimized input for imaging. The workflow incorporates data conditioning, Fourier-based interpolation, Radon transforms, and least-squares optimization for trace reconstruction. Comparative assessment between the nominal grid (250 × 250 m) and an upsampled interpolated grid (125 × 125 m) demonstrates significant improvements. Nominal fold coverage increases from 120 to 480 traces per 25 × 25 m bin, offset-azimuth sampling is enhanced, and acquisition footprints are suppressed. 5D interpolation restores missing traces while preserving amplitude fidelity, enabling more reliable AVO/AVA analysis. Upsampled interpolation improves structural continuity, reduces migration smiles and edge effects, and increases signal-to-noise ratio across in-line and cross-line sections. Quality control on time slices, offset classes, and CDP gathers confirm improved geological plausibility and kinematic consistency. These results underscore the ability of 5D techniques to mitigate acquisition limitations and enhance seismic imaging. With growing computational power, 5D regularization is poised to become increasingly central to high-resolution subsurface interpretation and hydrocarbon exploration.