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AI tool use, self-efficacy, foreign language enjoyment, and willingness to communicate: a moderated serial mediation

Linshen Xu1, Yiming Wang1, Yixuan Feng2

  • 1School of Foreign Studies, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.

Frontiers in Psychology
|August 5, 2026
PubMed
Abstract

Keywords:
AI self-efficacyAI tool useChinese EFL learnersforeign language anxietyforeign language enjoymentmoderated serial mediationwillingness to communicate

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