Optimization of banana pseudostem ash catalyst for biodiesel synthesis from crude palm oil

This study reports the optimization of a heterogeneous green catalyst derived from banana pseudostem ash (BPSA) of Musa paradisiaca var. Awak for biodiesel synthesis from crude palm oil (CPO). The catalyst was prepared by calcination at 600, 700, and 800 °C, characterized using standard analytical techniques, and applied in transesterification. Process optimization examined methanol to oil molar ratio (1:4-1:12), catalyst loading, and reaction time. Excess molar ratio (>1:6) reduced yield due to phase separation and limited catalyst-reactant contact. Optimal conditions 2 wt% catalyst, 1:6 oil to methanol ratio, and 120 min gave a maximum FAME yield of 99.84 wt%. GC MS identified major components as methyl oleate (59.48%), methyl palmitate (29.65%), methyl stearate (6.90%), methyl linoleate (2.27%), and methyl myristate (1.70%). The biodiesel showed density 866 kg m⁻³, kinematic viscosity 3.26 cSt, and cetane number 63.6, meeting SNI 7182:2015 and ASTM D6751 standards. BPSA from Musa paradisiaca var. Awak proves a promising, sustainable, and cost effective heterogeneous catalyst for green biodiesel production from CPO. • Musa paradisiaca var. Awak • Method for preparation and characterizing of Green Catalysts •Optimization and sustainability.