[Cranioscopic methods for determining human sex using the skull]

V L Popov1, I V Gaivoronskiy2,3, O M Fandeeva1,2

  • 1Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.

Summary

This study systematizes modern craniological methods for sex determination from skulls, evaluating their effectiveness with digital and machine learning approaches. A combined strategy using traditional and new techniques, considering population specifics, is advised.