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Therapeutic Potential of Solanum macrocarpon in Uterine Leiomyoma: In Vivo and In Silico Approaches
Akingbolabo Daniel Ogunlakin1, Divine Sokoato Anejukwo1, Olubunmi Asaleye1
1Phytomedicine and Drug Discovery Research Laboratory (PDD-RL), Biochemistry Programme, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria.
Abstract:
Uterine leiomyomas affect nearly 30% of women of reproductive age, contributing to increased risks of type II diabetes, infertility, and psychological stress. Emerging studies suggest that somatic mutations and cytogenetic abnormalities, including transcriptional dysregulation involving IGLON5, could serve as biomarkers for early intervention. In pursuit of alternative therapies with minimal side effects, this study evaluated the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antifibrotic potentials of Solanum macrocarpon (African eggplant) in albino rats with monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced uterine leiomyomas. Antioxidant assays revealed modest DPPH radical scavenging and iron-chelating capacity, comparable nitric oxide activity, and dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, AChE, and MAO enzymes. The extract significantly corrected hormonal imbalances, reducing elevated testosterone and oestradiol levels. Histopathological analysis showed restorative changes in ovarian morphology and uterine tissues, including normalized epithelial layers and follicular development. Molecular docking and simulation studies confirmed strong binding affinities of HPLC-identified bioactive compounds-rutin and quercetin-to IGLON5 protein. Rutin exhibited superior gas-phase and electrostatic interactions, greater hydrogen bond formation, and improved protein-ligand stability over quercetin. These findings suggest the potential of S. macrocarpon as a promising candidate for managing uterine fibroids, supported by both biochemical and in silico evidence. The plant may act through multiple pathways to restore hormonal balance, improve insulin sensitivity, and protect ovarian tissue integrity.
Insights
Solanum macrocarpon shows promise for managing uterine fibroids by restoring hormonal balance and improving insulin sensitivity. Bioactive compounds like rutin and quercetin in African eggplant may target IGLON5 protein, offering a natural therapeutic approach.
Area of Science:
- Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Natural Product Chemistry
- Reproductive Biology
Background:
- Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) affect many women, increasing risks for diabetes, infertility, and stress.
- Somatic mutations and IGLON5 dysregulation may serve as early intervention biomarkers.
- Alternative therapies with fewer side effects are needed for uterine fibroid management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antifibrotic effects of Solanum macrocarpon (African eggplant).
- To investigate the potential of S. macrocarpon in managing monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced uterine leiomyomas in albino rats.
- To explore the molecular mechanisms, including IGLON5 protein interactions, underlying the plant's efficacy.
Main Methods:
- In vivo study using albino rats with MSG-induced uterine leiomyomas.
- Biochemical assays for antioxidant activity (DPPH, nitric oxide) and enzyme inhibition (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, AChE, MAO).
- Hormonal level analysis, histopathological examination of ovarian and uterine tissues, and in silico molecular docking/simulation studies.
Main Results:
- S. macrocarpon extract demonstrated antioxidant properties and dose-dependent inhibition of key metabolic enzymes.
- The extract corrected hormonal imbalances (testosterone, oestradiol) and improved ovarian and uterine tissue morphology.
- Molecular docking revealed strong binding of rutin and quercetin to IGLON5 protein, with rutin showing superior stability.
Conclusions:
- Solanum macrocarpon exhibits significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antifibrotic potential relevant to uterine fibroid management.
- The plant may restore hormonal balance, enhance insulin sensitivity, and protect ovarian tissue integrity.
- In silico evidence supports the interaction of S. macrocarpon's bioactive compounds with IGLON5, suggesting a novel therapeutic pathway.