Dermal hyperpigmentation: pathogenesis, biomarkers and translational safety considerations for emerging therapies

Excessive melanin production that results in localized skin darkening is the hallmark of dermal hyperpigmentation, a frequent dermatological disorder. It is primarily induced by ultraviolet exposure, hormonal changes, and inflammatory processes. To develop targeted therapy, it is crucial to determine the exact role of biomarkers, encompassing pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, enzymes, proteins, and genetic markers. With a focus on translational significance and dermal safety, this structured narrative review attempts to assess developments in etiology, biomarker identification, and treatment approaches for dermal hyperpigmentation.

A structured narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify English-language literature published primarily from January 2005 to March 2026. Evidence was selected based on relevance to dermal hyperpigmentation, with emphasis on studies addressing pathogenesis, biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies. Findings were synthesized qualitatively, with clinical evidence prioritized for therapeutic conclusions and preclinical studies used to describe mechanistic insights and emerging drug delivery approaches.

Emerging evidence highlights the involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tyrosinase-related enzymes, and signaling mediators in the pathogenesis of dermal hyperpigmentation. Biomarker-guided therapeutic strategies remain largely supported by mechanistic and early translational evidence, with limited clinical validation. Nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery systems, including liposomes, nano-emulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles, have demonstrated improved skin delivery and therapeutic potential primarily in preclinical studies, while robust evidence demonstrating superior dermal targeting and clinical efficacy in humans remains limited. Current clinical evidence supports only a small number of nano-enabled formulations, emphasizing the need for further well-designed human studies.

Current evidence supports the mechanistic relevance of several biomarkers and highlights the promise of nanotechnology-enabled delivery systems for dermal hyperpigmentation. However, both biomarker-guided therapeutic strategies and advanced nanocarrier platforms remain supported predominantly by preclinical and early translational evidence, with insufficient high-quality clinical validation. Future studies should prioritize standardized biomarker validation, rigorous dermal safety assessment, and well-designed clinical trials to facilitate successful clinical translation.