[Advances in electroencephalographic biomarkers of cognitive dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea]

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder frequently accompanied by cognitive impairment. The electroencephalographic signals, with its high temporal resolution and non-invasive nature, can sensitively capture abnormalities in sleep architecture and the remodeling of functional brain networks in patients with OSA, providing a crucial basis for elucidating the neural mechanisms underlying OSA-related cognitive impairment. This review systematically summerizes the sleep architecture and staging characteristics, spectral and sleep depth indicators, and changes in brain network connectivity based on electroencephalographic signals in patients with OSA, as well as advanced electroencephalographic analysis and machine learning techniques. Furthermore, it discusses advances in the application of electroencephalographic biomarkers for identifying OSA-related cognitive impairment, evaluating disease severity, and monitoring treatment efficacy.