Sport-Related Concussion Prevention Programs in Soccer: A Scoping Review Using the RE-AIM Framework

Area of Science:

• Sports Medicine
• Public Health
• Injury Prevention

Background:

• Soccer concussion prevention programs are crucial for athlete safety.
• Evaluating program implementation across diverse populations is essential for effectiveness.
• The RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) framework provides a comprehensive approach to program evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To map and evaluate the implementation of soccer concussion prevention programs.
• To identify barriers and facilitators to program implementation across demographics.
• To assess program outcomes using the RE-AIM framework.

Main Methods:

• A scoping review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines.
• Searches included 6 electronic databases and gray literature from 2010-2025.
• Data were extracted and mapped to the 5 RE-AIM dimensions; risk of bias was assessed.

Main Results:

• Fourteen studies, primarily from the US and UK, met inclusion criteria.
• Interventions included education, neurocognitive testing, and exercises; most showed short-term knowledge gains (Effectiveness).
• Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance were poorly reported, with limited long-term data and inconsistent outcomes.

Conclusions:

• Soccer concussion programs offer short-term benefits but require better evaluation of adoption, implementation, and sustainability.
• Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and comprehensive RE-AIM reporting.
• This will support scalable and sustainable concussion program implementation in soccer.