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Anti-freezing supercapacitors using novel choline phosphate aqueous electrolytes
Jan Malczak1, Seyed Amirhossein Sanei1, Agnieszka Marcinkowska1
1Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznań University of Technology, Poznań, Poland.
Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
|August 6, 2026
Summary
Researchers developed green electrolytes using choline phosphate systems for low-temperature energy storage. Mixed choline dihydrogen phosphate (CDHP) and choline hydrogen phosphate (CHP) electrolytes offer enhanced stability and conductivity, outperforming pure CDHP at sub-zero temperatures.
Area of Science:
- Electrochemistry
- Materials Science
- Green Chemistry
Background:
- Conventional electrolytes face limitations like toxicity, flammability, and poor low-temperature performance.
- Developing environmentally friendly alternatives is crucial for advanced energy storage devices.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate aqueous choline-phosphate electrolytes as green alternatives for low-temperature energy storage.
- To evaluate the performance of choline dihydrogen phosphate (CDHP) and mixed CDHP+choline hydrogen phosphate (CHP) systems.
Main Methods:
- Synthesis of CDHP and mixed CDHP+CHP electrolytes via neutralization.
- Physicochemical and electrochemical characterization, including cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
- Temperature-dependent analysis to assess performance at sub-zero temperatures.
Main Results:
- Mixed CDHP+CHP electrolytes exhibit near-neutral pH and enhanced ionic conductivity compared to pure CDHP.
- Improved electrochemical stability window (ESW) and high conductivity maintained down to -20°C.
- Analysis revealed EDL charging and mixed redox processes at higher voltages, with lower energy barriers for ion diffusion in mixed electrolytes.
Conclusions:
- Mixed choline-phosphate electrolytes offer a promising green alternative for low-temperature energy storage.
- The pH tuning and conductivity enhancement by CHP are key to improved sub-zero performance.
- Understanding ion diffusion and desolvation dynamics is critical for optimizing electrolyte design.
