Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 7, 2026

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Published on: September 9, 2022
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: pathogenesis, diagnostic advances, therapeutic challenges, and emerging treatment
Megha Gautham1, Poluri Koteswari2
1Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
Abstract:
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) is a rare but highly fatal central nervous system infection caused primarily by Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris. Delayed diagnosis and the absence of standardized treatment protocols contribute to mortality exceeding 90%. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding GAE pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapeutic challenges, and emerging treatment strategies. The pathogenesis involves amoebic adhesion, secretion of proteases and phospholipases, host inflammatory responses, and blood-brain barrier disruption. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics improve early pathogen detection, while drug repurposing, nanotechnology-based delivery systems, and cyst-targeted approaches represent promising therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, treatment remains challenging because of poor blood-brain barrier penetration, cyst-associated resistance, and limited clinical evidence. Continued integration of molecular diagnostics, mechanistic studies, translational research, and multicentre clinical investigations is essential for improving outcomes in this devastating disease.
Related Concept Videos
Cryptococcal Meningitis
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology
Encephalitis l: Introduction
Amebiasis
Brain Abscess l: Introduction
Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment
