Drift correction of scan images by snapshot referencing

Reliable quantitative analysis in scanning (transmission) electron microscopy (S(T)EM) is often hindered by image drift during long-duration spectral mapping for elemental analysis or for various material functions. We here present snapshot-referencing (SSR) drift correction, a retrospective approach to eliminate spatial distortion based on the temporal nature of the scanning process. A continuous drift vector for every pixel is calculated for a normalized time-field of the scan pattern (e.g., serpentine or raster) utilizing a high-signal, fast-scan "snapshot" as a drift-free reference to guide the correction of simultaneously acquired analytical maps. To describe the drift, we employed Bezier basis functions to model smooth thermal or mechanical drifts and piece-wise linear basis for high-frequency "spiky" shifts such as those caused by charging. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach on experimental cathodoluminescence (CL) datasets, showing that it effectively restores spatial integrity to hyperspectral data cubes without the need for specialized hardware. This flexible, software-based solution is broadly applicable to any probe-based analytical technique where a fast imaging signal can be recorded alongside slow spectroscopic data.