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The Effects of Oral Contraceptives on Muscle Hypertrophy
Madeline S Phillips1, Madhusmita Misra2, Sara N Raiser3
1University of Virginia School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia, United States, Charlottesville.
International Journal of Sports Medicine
|August 6, 2026
Summary
Hormonal contraceptives, commonly used by athletes, generally do not impact muscle growth (hypertrophy) from resistance training. Some studies show negative effects, possibly due to specific progestin types in oral contraceptives.
Area of Science:
- Exercise Physiology
- Endocrinology
- Sports Science
Background:
- Muscle mass is vital for health and athletic performance.
- Hormonal contraceptives (HCs) contain ethinyl estradiol and progestins, which may influence muscle adaptations.
- Limited research exists on HCs and muscle hypertrophy, with inconsistent findings.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current literature on the effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) on muscle hypertrophy.
- To explore both mechanistic and applied perspectives of OC use on hypertrophic responses.
Main Methods:
- This study is a narrative review of existing research.
- It synthesizes findings from studies examining OCs and muscle hypertrophy.
Main Results:
- Evidence suggests OCs do not consistently alter muscle hypertrophy after resistance training.
- A few studies reported negative effects, potentially linked to androgenic progestins.
- Variability in study designs, contraceptive formulations, and participant groups limits direct comparisons.
Conclusions:
- While sex hormones influence muscle remodeling pathways, clinical studies show inconsistent effects of OCs on muscle hypertrophy.
- Further research with well-powered studies comparing different progestins and mechanistic investigations is recommended.
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