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Intersecting Generational, Gender, and Racial Disparities in Intimate Partner Physical and Sexual Violence: A
1Department of Social Work, School of Health Natural Sciences and Human Services, Westfield State University, 577 Western Avenue, Westfield, MA, 01806, USA. sfakunmoju@westfield.ma.edu.
Archives of Sexual Behavior
|August 7, 2026
Summary
Intimate partner violence (IPV) risk varies by gender, race, and generation. Millennials and women reported higher rates, with specific vulnerabilities at the intersection of these identities.
Area of Science:
- Sociology
- Criminology
- Public Health
Background:
- Demographic disparities in intimate partner violence (IPV) are recognized, but the intersection of gender, race/ethnicity, and generation is underexplored.
- Existing research often treats demographic factors in isolation, limiting a comprehensive understanding of IPV risk and perpetration.
- An intersectional approach is crucial for identifying nuanced patterns in IPV experiences across diverse populations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine the joint influence of gender, race/ethnicity, and generation on physical and sexual IPV victimization and perpetration.
- To address the gap in research regarding the intersectional effects of demographic variables on IPV.
- To identify specific subgroups with heightened vulnerability to IPV victimization and perpetration.
Main Methods:
- Utilized an intersectional framework to analyze data from 467 US adults in intimate relationships.
- Conducted a three-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) across four generational cohorts: Generation Z, Millennials, Generation X, and Baby Boomers.
- Examined both physical and sexual IPV victimization and perpetration, considering main and interaction effects of gender, race/ethnicity, and generation.
Main Results:
- Victimization was more prevalent than perpetration; slapping/throwing objects were most common abusive behaviors.
- Significant main effects: Women reported higher sexual victimization; Millennials reported higher overall victimization and perpetration.
- Interaction effects revealed unique vulnerabilities: e.g., White women higher victimization than White men; Millennial Black/non-White participants higher perpetration than White counterparts.
Conclusions:
- Findings underscore the necessity of considering intersecting identities to understand IPV dynamics.
- Culturally and generationally responsive prevention strategies, grounded in intersectionality and social learning theory, are essential.
- Future interventions should be tailored to address the specific risks identified within intersecting demographic subgroups.
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