Climate change-driven competition between C₄ weeds and crops: Ecological mechanisms, evolution, and management...

Global climate change is profoundly reshaping the competitive landscape between C₄ weeds and crops. This review focuses on the unique CO₂-concentrating mechanism of C₄ weeds, elucidating the physiological and biochemical basis for their photosynthetic advantage under high-temperature and drought conditions, and systematically explaining how this advantage drives the restructuring of weed communities and the expansion of their geographical distribution. It then analyzes the regulatory pathways through which elevated CO₂ concentration, temperature changes, and water stress affect the photosynthetic efficiency of C₄ weeds as well as the resulting shifts in aboveground and belowground resource competition patterns. To address limitations of current control strategies, we propose a multidimensional management framework integrating agronomic, chemical, and biotechnological approaches. Finally, key directions for future research are identified, including the molecular dissection of the C₄ photosynthetic regulatory network, the development of predictive models for climate-weed-crop interactions and the advancement of targeted control technologies, thereby providing a forward-looking framework for addressing climate-driven weed risks.