Multi‑omics insights into uveitis: From mechanisms to precision medicine (Review)

Uveitis encompasses a group of intraocular inflammatory disorders that notably contribute to global visual morbidity. Persistent challenges include early diagnosis, accurate subtype classification and individualized treatment. Recent advances in omics technologies, including genomics, epigenetics, transcriptomics, single‑cell omics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics and microbiome profiling, have reshaped the current understanding of uveitis pathogenesis by uncovering disease‑associated genetic variants, dynamic transcriptional landscapes, inflammatory proteins, metabolic alterations, and microbe‑host interactions. Notably, single‑cell RNA sequencing offers unprecedented insights into retinal immune cell heterogeneity and functional states, while radiomics is emerging as a valuable platform for imaging biomarkers. The present review summarizes key findings from multi‑omics studies in uveitis, described the sample sources and analytical strategies employed, and highlighted the transformative potential of integrative omics in precision ophthalmology. Multi‑omics approaches hold promise for identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets, refining disease classification, and enabling tailored interventions for patients with uveitis.