Recent Advances in Electrochemical and Optical Detection of Bisphenol A in Water Samples

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical that poses risks to human health by interfering with hormonal systems. Despite regulatory restrictions, BPA remains widely used in polycarbonates and epoxy resins, leading to its continuous release into the environment. Its presence in aquatic systems and subsequent transfer through ecosystems highlight the need for effective detection methods. Sensing of BPA in environmental samples remains challenging due to complex matrices, low concentration levels, and the requirements for high selectivity and sensitivity. These demands have driven the rapid development of advanced functional materials for sensing applications. This review provides a critical overview of recent strategies for BPA detection, with focuses on electrochemical and optical sensing methodologies. Emphasis is placed on the development and application of different types of functional materials, including organic, inorganic, and metal-organic based systems. The advantages and limitations of these approaches are discussed to highlight current challenges and future perspectives in BPA monitoring.