Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 9, 2026

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
Published on: August 22, 2022
A comprehensive and accessible database of jawed-vertebrate ohnologs
Łukasz Niezabitowski1, Róisín Long1, Anthony K Redmond2
1Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
None:
Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) profoundly shaped early vertebrate evolution. The set of paralogs retained from these events-"ohnologs"-has had lasting impacts on genome structure and function, including disease gene enrichment. Despite this, we still lack a gold standard ohnolog database. Here, we have harnessed ancestral genome reconstructions together with phylogenetic and synteny information to produce a robust ohnolog dataset that includes details on the nature and quality of evidence and a user-friendly interface. We have been able to resolve the 1R versus 2R origins of a large number of cases, as well as including previously hard-to-detect ohnologs. We find that 1R-retained ohnologs are involved in cellular transport, while those retained after both 1R and 2R are biased toward signaling functions, especially neuronal signaling. These findings suggest that after an initial adaptation to the cellular burden of polyploidy, WGD expanded the opportunities for intercellular communication.
Related Concept Videos
Tooth Anatomy
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
Overview of the Axial Skeleton
The axial skeleton of the adult...
The Fossil Record
Anatomical Terminology
Classification of Bones
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...
Overview of the Skull
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...

