Recent developments in typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella vaccines

Area of Science:

• * Infectious Disease Epidemiology
• * Vaccinology
• * Public Health

Background:

• * Typhoidal and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) serovars cause significant bloodstream infections, mortality, and morbidity globally.
• * Antimicrobial resistance necessitates vaccine development for Salmonella control.
• * South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are particularly affected by Salmonella burden.

Purpose of the Study:

• * To review recent advancements in Salmonella vaccine development.
• * To highlight progress, challenges, and future directions in the field.
• * To discuss the evolving landscape towards broader Salmonella serovar protection.

Main Methods:

• * Comprehensive review of recent scientific literature on Salmonella vaccine development.
• * Analysis of progress in preclinical and clinical evaluation of vaccine candidates.
• * Examination of emerging multivalent vaccine strategies and their suitability.

Main Results:

• * Introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) marks a public health milestone.
• * Ongoing research into S. Paratyphi A and iNTS vaccines using conjugate, outer membrane vesicle/GMMA, and live-attenuated platforms.
• * Growing interest in multivalent vaccines, but divergent epidemiology poses challenges for single combination products.

Conclusions:

• * The Salmonella vaccine field is shifting towards broader protection beyond typhoid.
• * Significant scientific, regulatory, and implementation challenges persist.
• * Integrated Salmonella vaccine strategies require careful consideration of differing disease epidemiology and risk factors.