Forensic facial approximation methodologies applied to the Brazilian population: a scoping review

Area of Science:

• Forensic Anthropology
• Forensic Science
• Bioanthropology

Background:

• Forensic facial approximation (FFA) is crucial for identifying unidentified remains.
• Existing research on FFA methodologies in Brazil is fragmented.
• A comprehensive overview of Brazilian FFA studies is needed to identify research gaps.

Purpose of the Study:

• To map and analyze forensic facial approximation (FFA) methodologies used in Brazil.
• To identify trends, common practices, and limitations in Brazilian FFA research.
• To guide future research and standardization efforts in the field.

Main Methods:

• Scoping review protocol registered in Open Science Framework.
• Searches across seven databases and grey literature up to December 2025.
• Inclusion of 30 studies on FFA methodologies applied to the Brazilian population.

Main Results:

• Thirty studies involving 3,239 samples were analyzed, predominantly from adult populations in Southeast Brazil.
• Cone-beam computed tomography and facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) assessments were common methods.
• Studies focused on FSTT and cutaneous appendages (23 studies) or facial features like nose, mouth, and ears (7 studies).

Conclusions:

• Brazilian scientific output in FFA is increasing but methodological gaps persist.
• Challenges include population biases, limited focus on specific facial features, and lack of standardization in landmarks and FSTT validation.
• Further research is needed to address these critical methodological issues for improved FFA accuracy in Brazil.