Recent Advancements in Synthetic DNA Based Biosensor Construction Towards Bacterial Diarrhoea Detection: a Review

A major cause of diarrhoea is water because it contains numerous bacteria, viruses, or parasites that irritate the digestive tract. The World Health Organization reported that the death of children below 5 years is a major loss due to a lack of early prediction of the diarrhoea-causing agent. Though conventional microbiological diagnostics are crucial for lab-based prognosis, recent approaches of rapid bacterial diarrhoea detection though biosensor application are widely explored. DNA based biosensors such as Aptamers, DNAzymes, synthetic DNA probes are proven to be excellent bioreceptors towards biosensor development due to their ease of use, improved stability, reusability and cost effectiveness. This article provides a detailed review on the available techniques of bacterial diarrhoea detection using synthetic DNA bioreceptor and signal transduction through optical or electrochemical process. DNA biosensor-based detection of bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., Klebsiella spp., etc. emerged in last 5 years are covered in detail, in this review. Additionally, a brief discussion is also made on the use of nanomaterials, which provides new possibilities for quick, inexpensive, and selective detection. Moreover, the pros-cons of using synthetic DNA biosensors are also been elaborated in this review. Finally, the future potential of DNA biosensors for disease monitoring and prevention, rationalising medical therapy, and enhancing quality of life are also been discussed. This literature aims to provide comprehensive information on the global status of DNA biosensors and encourage researchers to identify suitable bioreceptors for their experimental pursuits and future discoveries.