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Updated: Aug 9, 2026
Mitochondrial Isolation from Skeletal Muscle
Published on: March 30, 2011
망막모세포종에 대한 일차 및 대안 경로를 통한 동맥 내 화학요법의 안구 보존 결과: 인도네시아 단일 기관 경험
Jacub Pandelaki1, Prijo Sidipratomo1, Rita Sita Sitorus2
1Department of Radiology, Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Purpose:
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) delivered via the internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA) anastomoses at a single Indonesian center.
Materials And Methods:
A retrospective chart review was conducted of consecutive retinoblastoma cases treated with IAC between June 2022 and September 2025. Procedures were performed under general anesthesia via ultrasound-guided femoral arterial access. ICA catheterization using a diagnostic catheter was followed by ophthalmic artery (OA) cannulation with a microcatheter. Alternative access routes included the vertebrobasilar circulation and ECA branches (middle meningeal, internal maxillary, and zygomatico-orbital arteries). Melphalan (4-5 mg) was the primary agent for International Classification of Retinoblastoma Groups B-C, whereas topotecan and carboplatin were added for recurrent or advanced disease (Groups D-E). Recorded outcomes included the number of sessions, access route, procedure-related complications, globe salvage, and enucleation. Ocular survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methods, and predictors of enucleation were assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling.
Results:
Twenty-four eyes of 24 patients (median age, 13.7 months) underwent 65 IAC sessions (45 via ICA and 20 via ECA). Globe salvage was achieved in 19 of 24 eyes (79.2%) at 6 months, and 14 of 24 eyes (58.3%) remained enucleation-free at 39 months. Ocular survival was lower for ECA compared with ICA access (p = 0.01). On multivariable analysis, the ECA route independently predicted enucleation (hazard ratio, 6.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-35.76; p = 0.04). No severe ischemic perioperative complications were observed.
Conclusion:
In this cohort, IAC provided favorable globe salvage with an acceptable safety profile. However, ECA access was associated with an increased risk of enucleation; therefore, direct OA access via the ICA is preferable when feasible. Larger prospective studies are warranted.
