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Updated: Aug 10, 2026

Utilizing Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices in Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock
06:10

Utilizing Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices in Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

Published on: June 12, 2021

Trends and disparities in ischemic heart disease and cardiogenic shock mortality in the United States: A 25-year

Syed Tawassul Hassan1, Anushah Faheem Ilyas1, Syeda Lyba Onaiz2

  • 1Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi Metropolitan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

American Heart Journal Plus : Cardiology Research and Practice
|August 9, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Mortality from cardiogenic shock (CS) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) declined overall but sharply increased from 2011-2021. Significant disparities persist for males, American Indians, and rural populations, requiring targeted interventions.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a severe complication of ischemic heart disease (IHD), associated with high mortality.
  • Limited data exists on long-term mortality trends and demographic disparities in CS patients with IHD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess temporal trends in mortality rates for IHD and CS in the United States.
  • To identify demographic variations and disparities in mortality among CS patients with IHD.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the CDC WONDER database for adults aged ≥45 years (1999-2024).
  • Extracted deaths with IHD and CS as causes.
  • Calculated age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) and analyzed trends using Joinpoint regression.

Main Results:

  • Overall AAMR for IHD and CS decreased from 14 to 10.9 per 100,000.
  • A significant trend reversal occurred from 2011-2021, with AAMRs rising (APC: 4.39).
  • Males, Non-Hispanic American Indians, Southern regions, and non-metropolitan areas showed higher AAMRs and/or increasing trends.

Conclusions:

  • Despite a long-term decline, US mortality from IHD and CS significantly increased between 2011 and 2021.
  • Persistent disparities in mortality exist among males, Non-Hispanic American Indians, older adults, and rural populations.
  • Targeted interventions are crucial to address these disparities and mitigate rising mortality rates.
Abstract

Keywords:
Cardiogenic shockEpidemiologyHealthcare disparitiesIschemic heart diseaseMortality trends

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