The biomechanical and physiological determinants of wheelchair racing performance: A scoping review

The aim of this scoping review was to map the key biomechanical and physiological variables explored in the wheelchair racing literature, with additional attention to data collection environments and technologies. Relevant articles published up to 3 February 2025 were identified using four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Scopus). After screening, 31 studies were included in the final analysis: 15 on biomechanics, 7 on physiology, and 9 contained elements of both. Most athletes measured were male (78%) and competing in the T51-54 classification; females and athletes with coordination impairment (T32-34) were underrepresented. Various distances and protocols were examined, ranging from the first six pushes to 90 min, with 100 m being the most frequently studied distance. Most data were collected in laboratory settings using roller systems, motorised treadmills or ergometers. Biomechanical data indicated push technique, including increasing upper-arm angular velocity, and optimising acceleration are fundamental to achieve competitive speeds. Physiological studies measured parameters such as $\dot{V}O2\mathrm{peak}$, blood lactate concentration and heart rate, though direct links to performance remain limited. This review highlights methodological diversity across studies and suggests that integrating technologies such as inertial measurement units, three-dimensional motion capture, and force-instrumented rollers/wheels may enhance understanding of determinants in wheelchair racing.