Functionalization of Nanozymes: A Precision Approach to Targeted Cancer Therapy

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Nanotechnology
• Oncology

Background:

• Nanozymes, nanoscale materials with enzyme-like properties, present advantages over traditional enzymes in cancer therapy due to enhanced activity, stability, and cost-effectiveness.
• They offer novel strategies for cancer treatment by modulating the tumor microenvironment through various therapeutic approaches.
• Challenges such as substrate specificity, tumor heterogeneity, and off-target toxicity impede their clinical translation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review the classification, catalytic principles, and therapeutic applications of nanozymes in cancer treatment.
• To emphasize the role of nanozymes in modulating the tumor microenvironment for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
• To highlight various functionalization strategies for improving nanozyme efficiency, targeting, and biocompatibility.

Main Methods:

• Discussion of covalent functionalization techniques including EDC/NHS coupling, Click chemistry, and Schiff-base condensation.
• Exploration of noncovalent attachment methods utilizing reversible interactions like hydrogen bonds, π-π stacking, and electrostatic forces.
• Analysis of peptide-, ligand-, and aptamer-based functionalization approaches.

Main Results:

• Functionalization enhances nanozyme catalytic efficiency, targeting specificity, and biocompatibility for cancer therapy.
• Stimulus-responsive nanozyme activation in the tumor microenvironment (e.g., by pH, glutathione, H2O2) reduces systemic toxicity.
• Improved tumor targeting and biodistribution are achieved through advanced functionalization techniques.

Conclusions:

• Nanozymes hold significant promise for innovative cancer therapies by effectively modulating the tumor microenvironment.
• Strategic functionalization is crucial for overcoming existing challenges and maximizing the clinical applicability of nanozymes.
• Further development of functionalization techniques will enhance nanozyme safety, efficacy, and targeted delivery in cancer treatment.