Bilberry-Derived Nanoparticles in Glaucoma Therapy: Advances in Ocular Drug Delivery

This review focused on bilberry because recognition of the high concentration of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which have potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective qualities, has made bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus) the subject of much research. These phytoconstituents have been demonstrated to protect Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs), lower oxidative stress, and regulate inflammatory cytokines, all of which are important aspects of glaucoma pathophysiology. However, bilberry extract's low ocular bioavailability and poor stability when given via traditional methods are its drawbacks. Bilberry-derived substances have been incorporated into nanoparticle-based delivery systems to enhance eye penetration and therapeutic efficacy, thereby overcoming these challenges. In experimental models, bilberry anthocyanin nanoformulations have shown increased RGC protection, sustained drug release, and improved ocular permeability. Additionally, by sustaining antioxidant activity for extended periods, these formulations reduce ophthalmic oxidative damage associated with glaucoma development. Studies demonstrating better intraocular pressure regulation, less neuroinflammation, and preservation of optic nerve structure have added credence to the therapeutic promise of bilberry-based nano formulations. Nanoparticle- enhanced bilberry extracts provide better stability, targeted distribution, and more reliable therapeutic results than traditional herbal formulations. Because bilberry-focused nano-therapeutics can penetrate ocular barriers and deliver potent phytoconstituents directly to ocular tissues, they offer a promising natural approach to managing glaucoma.