[Preparation of B@PH/GM-V hydrogel microspheres and their antioxidant and osteogenesis-promoting effects]

This study constructed bone morphogenetic protein 2-loaded polydopamine heparin nanoparticles (B@PH NPs) and vanillin methacrylate (VMA)-grafted GelMA hydrogel microspheres (B@PH/GM-V) and evaluated their physicochemical properties and regulatory effects on osteogenic differentiation under oxidative stress.

B@PH NPs were prepared through oxidative self-polymerization, and B@PH/GM-V microspheres were fabricated via microfluidic technology. The materials were characterized by using scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Swelling, degradation, and drug release behaviors were evaluated. Biocompatibility was assessed through the CCK-8 assay and live/dead staining by using MC3T3-E1 cells. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) probes, and osteogenic differentiation capacity was evaluated through alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red S staining.

The average diameters of B@PH NPs and B@PH/GM-V microspheres were approximately 288.2 nm and 499.1 μm, respectively. FTIR and EDS confirmed successful modification with heparin and VMA. B@PH NPs showed favorable sustained release performance. B@PH/GM-V exhibited good biocompatibility, significantly reduced the ROS levels induced by lipopolysaccharide and H₂O₂, and promoted the differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells.

B@PH/GM-V hydrogel microspheres possess good biocompatibility, antioxidant activity, and osteogenic effects, showing promising potential for periodontitis-related alveolar bone regeneration.