Integrating human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine into China's National Immunization Program: global lessons and...

To review global evidence on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine introduction and delivery strategies, and derive actionable lessons for China's ongoing national rollout following its integration of HPV vaccine into the national immunization program in November 2025.

This is an analytical essay that synthesises published evidence on HPV vaccination programs worldwide, with a focus on delivery strategies, coverage outcomes, and implementation barriers. Literature was identified through PubMed and WHO databases for the period 2012-2026. No primary data collection was conducted.

As of June 2020, 107 of 194 WHO member states (55%) had introduced HPV vaccination, yet only 15% of girls worldwide completing the series. School-based delivery with grade-based targeting achieves highest coverage (e.g., Rwanda >90%), and mixed models (school-based with facility-based catch-up) represent best practice. Key barriers include vaccine hesitancy, logistical complexity, weak data systems, and policy design. In China, enablers include domestic vaccine production capacity, centralized governance, the nine-year compulsory education system, and established school-based health programs; major challenges include parental hesitancy, regional disparities, and social media misinformation.

Drawing on global experience, China should leverage its existing health and education infrastructure to implement the current two-dose schedule effectively, strengthen multi-level communication strategies, and proactively manage vaccine confidence to achieve high and equitable coverage, contributing to global cervical cancer elimination goals.