Influence of sex, anxiety, and risk-taking behavior on opioid and alcohol polysubstance consumption patterns

Polysubstance use is prevalent in the population but remains understudied in preclinical models. Alcohol and opioid polysubstance use is associated with negative outcomes, worse treatment prognosis, and higher overdose risk; but underlying mechanisms are still being uncovered. Examining factors that motivate use of one substance over another in different contexts in preclinical models will better our understanding of polysubstance use and improve translational value. Here we assessed baseline anxiety-like and locomotive behavior and then measured voluntary consumption of multiple doses of alcohol and fentanyl in group housed male and female mice using our novel Socially Integrated Polysubstance (SIP) system. Fifty-six male (n = 32) and female (n = 24) adult mice were housed in groups of 4 for one week with continuous access to food, water, two doses of ethanol (5 % and 10 %) and two doses of fentanyl (5 ug/ml and 20 ug/ml). Our analyses revealed sex differences across multiple domains - female mice consumed more liquid, had higher activity, a higher preference for fentanyl over the other available substances, and their fentanyl preference increased over the seven days. Furthermore, both male and female mice displayed polysubstance consumption patterns (drinking multiple substances within an hour), with female mice displaying more prolonged polysubstance use across days in the SIP cages. We then used machine-learning techniques to reveal underlying relationships between baseline behavioral phenotypes and subsequent polysubstance consumption patterns, where anxiety- and risk-taking-like behavioral phenotypes mapped onto discrete patterns of polysubstance use, preference, and escalation. By simulating more translationally relevant substance use and improving our understanding of the motivations for different patterns of consumption, this study contributes to the developing preclinical literature on polysubstance use with the goal of facilitating better treatment outcomes and novel therapeutic strategies.