Improving Sampling of Binding Free Energy Differences between Covalently Bound Ligands in Alternate Binding Pockets...

The primary limitation for the application of alchemical free energy methods to a wider variety of complex molecular systems is achieving reasonable sampling. Flexible binding complexes often have high free energy barriers, which require prohibitively long simulations or carefully tuned enhanced sampling methods in order to gather sufficient uncorrelated samples to obtain reliable free energy estimates. An example of such a flexible system is the complex formed between FabB, an elongating β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase (KS) from Escherichia coli, and ACP, which carries acyl chains of varying lengths. Previous experimental evidence suggests that growing acyl chains can bind to at least two pockets in FabB. With the multiple topology replica exchange of expanded ensemble (MT-REXEE) enhanced sampling approach, we can obtain highly efficient sampling of both pockets by adaptively growing and shrinking the chains in the simulation ensemble, allowing each simulation to visit chain lengths that can transition between pockets. This approach enables unbiased sampling of alternate configurational states for large complex systems without prior pocket definitions, as collective-variable based enhanced sampling methods would require. Using the new swapping approach gives significantly enhanced sampling even for comparatively simple small molecule binding , as demonstrated by faster convergence of free energy estimates of relative binding affinity between mouse major urinary protein 1 ligands. This case study demonstrates the utility of MT-REXEE and its open-source implementation particularly for systems that feature high free energy barriers for a subset of ligands of interest, demonstrating a valuable addition to the existing stable of enhanced sampling methods.