Hangzhou declaration on the global development of artificial intelligence in traditional Chinese medicine

Artificial intelligence (AI) is having a profound impact on the production of medical knowledge, research paradigms, healthcare services and the health industry. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), a valuable part of human heritage and an important global health resource, is entering a period of historic innovation through its integration with AI. This convergence offers significant opportunities for the collation of classical literature, the inheritance of clinical experience, diagnosis and treatment, drug discovery, talent cultivation, industrial upgrading and health management. However, AI-enabled TCM is still in its infancy and faces challenges relating to theoretical compatibility, data quality, scientific evaluation, algorithmic transparency, ethical governance, standardization, interdisciplinary training and international coordination. The Hangzhou Declaration on the Global Development of Artificial Intelligence in Traditional Chinese Medicine sets out a shared position and a consensus based on principles for trustworthy innovation in this emerging field. It emphasizes preserving the essence of TCM while pursuing innovation, prioritizing clinical value and patient safety, strengthening ethical governance, improving data standards and scientific evaluation, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, advancing international standards, bridging the digital divide, and cultivating globally competent talent. The Declaration aims to guide the responsible, open, inclusive and sustainable development of AI-enabled TCM, contributing to the health and well-being of humanity. Please cite this article as: Fan XH, Li Y, Lai XB, Zhang JH, Li HY, Hu KF, Li J, Chen JX, Pan HD, Wen CB, Ye Q, Kan HX, Li XX, Li PF, Hu Y, Chen KX, Zhang BL. Hangzhou declaration on the global development of artificial intelligence in traditional Chinese medicine. J Integr Med. 2026; Epub ahead of print.