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Perianal Human Tail with Lower Imperforate Anus: A Case Report
Satoshi Yokoyama1, Akinori Sekioka1,2, Hirofumi Utsunomiya1
1Department of Pediatirc Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Society, Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan.
African Journal of Paediatric Surgery : AJPS
|August 12, 2026
Summary
Human tails are typically sacrococcygeal, but rare perineal/perianal cases exist, often without anorectal malformations (ARMs). These distinct locations suggest different developmental origins for human tails.
Area of Science:
- Developmental biology
- Human anatomy
- Embryology
Background:
- Human tails are rare congenital anomalies.
- Most human tails are located at the sacrococcygeal region.
- Perineal or perianal human tails are exceptionally rare and infrequently associated with anorectal malformations (ARMs).
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the occurrence and characteristics of human tails in the perineal or perianal region.
- To explore the potential association between perineal/perianal human tails and anorectal malformations.
- To propose differing developmental mechanisms for sacrococcygeal versus perineal/perianal human tails.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of reported cases of human tails.
- Comparative analysis of tail location and associated anomalies.
- Embryological hypothesis formulation.
Main Results:
- Human tails are predominantly found attached to the sacrococcygeal skin.
- Few documented instances of human tails in the perineal or perianal areas exist.
- These perineal/perianal tails are rarely accompanied by anorectal malformations.
Conclusions:
- The developmental pathways for sacrococcygeal and perineal/perianal human tails may differ.
- Further research is needed to elucidate the precise relationship between human tail location and anorectal malformations.
- Understanding these developmental variations contributes to the study of congenital anomalies.
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