Effectiveness of extended reality-based cardiopulmonary resuscitation training for healthcare students: A systematic...

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving intervention where timely, effective actions improve survival. However, traditional Basic and Advanced Life Support (BLS and ALS) training often lacks realism, limiting preparedness among healthcare students. Extended Reality (XR) technologies, including Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality, offer promising tools to enhance CPR training. The aim is to assess the effects of XR on CPR training outcomes among healthcare students.

Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols guidelines, PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies. Two reviewers independently extracted data, with disagreements resolved by a third. Risk of bias was evaluated using Cochrane ROB 2 and ROBINS-I. Due to heterogeneity, findings were synthesized narratively.

Eight studies from six countries were included. Evidence showed mixed outcomes: XR improved confidence and reduced anxiety in Basic Life Support and ALS training, but results on technical performance, including CPR knowledge and quality, were inconsistent. Variability in study design and concerns about bias limited generalizability.

XR shows potential as a valuable complement to traditional CPR training, particularly in blended learning approaches aligned with modern pedagogy. However, inconsistent findings highlight the need for standardized assessments, evaluation of long-term outcomes, and integration of haptic torso simulators to improve technical skills and clarify XR's role in resuscitation education.