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Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes
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Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles in Enterobacteriaceae Isolates From Outpatient Carriages

Kobina Amandzé Adams Kofi1,2, Stéphane Kouadio Koffi2,3, Mathieu Kra Adou Koffi1

  • 1Biology and Health Laboratory, Biosciences Training and Research Unit, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, univ-fhb.edu.ci.

Biomed Research International
|August 12, 2026
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Intestinal carriage strains of Enterobacteriaceae act as reservoirs for multidrug resistance (MDR). Integrated surveillance is crucial for managing antimicrobial resistance in urban communities.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (MDR-E) pose a significant public health threat, especially in urban areas.
  • Antimicrobial resistance in intestinal carriage strains is understudied but crucial for understanding resistance gene reservoirs.
  • Integrated approaches examining both carriage and clinical isolates are vital for comprehensive resistance dynamics analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare antibiotic resistance profiles of Enterobacteriaceae from intestinal carriage in outpatients versus clinical infections.
  • To investigate the role of intestinal carriage as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes.
  • To inform integrated surveillance strategies for antimicrobial resistance in urban settings.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 196 Enterobacteriaceae strains (60 carriage, 136 clinical isolates) including E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and E. cloacae.
  • Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using disk diffusion method per CA-SFM guidelines.
  • Classification of resistance profiles (MDR, XDR, PDR) and calculation of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index.

Main Results:

  • High prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains (86.73%) observed in both carriage and clinical isolates.
  • Carriage strains exhibited higher resistance to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, monobactams, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides (MAR index: 0.76 ± 0.09).
  • Clinical strains showed increased resistance to aminoglycosides and carbapenems (MAR index: 0.65 ± 0.18); extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) phenotypes were primarily in clinical isolates.

Conclusions:

  • Intestinal carriage serves as a significant reservoir for antimicrobial resistance.
  • Distinct resistance patterns exist between carriage and clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates.
  • Integrated community-hospital surveillance strategies are essential for managing antimicrobial resistance in urban environments.
Keywords:
antimicrobial resistance dynamicsclinical infectionscommunity–hospital surveillanceintestinal carriage strainsmultidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae

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