Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Chile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Area of Science:

• Public Health
• Sleep Medicine
• Epidemiology

Background:

• Sleep apnea is a prevalent global health issue, affecting nearly one billion people worldwide.
• Underdiagnosis and undertreatment, especially in middle-income countries, highlight significant public health challenges.
• Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) poses a considerable clinical impact, necessitating accurate prevalence data.

Purpose of the Study:

• To determine the prevalence and risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the Chilean population.
• To identify common symptoms associated with OSA in Chile.
• To evaluate the diagnostic tools used in existing Chilean studies on OSA.

Main Methods:

• A systematic review of seven databases identified studies on OSA prevalence, risk, and symptoms in Chile.
• A random-effects meta-analysis synthesized prevalence estimates from included studies.
• Fifteen studies with 13,157 participants were analyzed, with a focus on screening questionnaires like STOP-Bang and Epworth Sleepiness Scale.

Main Results:

• The pooled prevalence of moderate-to-high risk for OSA, based on STOP-Bang scores >3, was 25% (95% CI: 16-34%).
• Snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, and witnessed apneas were the most frequently reported symptoms.
• Screening questionnaires were predominantly used; objective diagnostic methods like respiratory polygraphy were employed in only three studies.

Conclusions:

• A substantial burden of OSA risk and related symptoms exists in Chile, largely indicated by screening questionnaires.
• The limited use of objective diagnostic methods restricts precise prevalence estimation.
• Population-based research with standardized, objective tools is crucial for accurate OSA prevalence assessment and effective public health strategies.