Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 14, 2026

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
Published on: March 2, 2014
Shared principles of human and bacterial antiviral immunity
Philip J Kranzusch1,2,3
1Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. philip_kranzusch@dfci.harvard.edu.
None:
Defence against viral infection is a conserved feature of all cellular life. From single-cell bacteria to humans and complex multicellular animals, constitutive and inducible forms of immunity are required to inhibit viruses and safeguard cellular fitness. Recent studies reveal that the components of human antiviral immunity are surprisingly ancient, originating billions of years ago in bacteria as pathways that defend against phage replication. The unification of previously disparate fields of human and bacterial immunity creates a foundation to explain key features of host-virus interactions. This Review defines principles of pathogen recognition, signal amplification and immune effector function that shape mechanisms of antiviral immunity that are shared across kingdoms of life. Shared forms of immunity, including cGAS-STING, inflammasomes, argonautes and viperin, reveal ancient features of antiviral defence. Similarly, direct comparisons of pattern recognition receptors and interferon-stimulated genes in human cells with CRISPR immunity and anti-phage defence systems in bacteria explain prevalent strategies to effectively sense and inhibit viral replication. Cross-kingdom analysis reveals universal rules that control host-virus interactions and highlights open questions in understanding of antiviral immunity.
Related Concept Videos
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR
Bacteriophages of the Human Virome
Human Virome
Viral Structure

