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Updated: Aug 14, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Published on: December 6, 2016
Rethinking Long-Term Follow-Up of CPAP Therapy in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Toward Personalized and Integrated Care
Antonio Fabozzi1, Francesca Romana Manfredi1, Noemi Ascarelli1
1Pulmonology Unit, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
Abstract:
Background: Although the diagnostic and treatment pathway for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is well established, long-term management is still not standardized. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of studies published between 2000 and 2026 in PubMed/MEDLINE. Results: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) adherence and healthcare resource allocation remain the real critical issue of long-term management for OSA patients. Early proactive interventions like phone calls and early medical visits may be particularly valuable for improving CPAP nightly usage. Telemedicine, educated and trained home-care providers or primary care can lead to improved adherence, long-term monitoring and earlier identification of treatment-related issues. Patient-reported outcomes, comorbidities, endotypes, and phenotypic stratification should be integrated into follow-up management. Conclusions: OSA long-term care should shift from a device-centered approach toward a personalized, patient-centered model with the integration of multidimensional risk stratification, multidisciplinary care, telemedicine and primary care support.
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