Nanostructured Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries: Synthesis, Morphology, and Performances

High-performance energy sources for electric vehicles and portable electronic devices require state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) characterized by high energy density, superior power output, and excellent long-term cycling stability. Among the various components of LIBs, the cathode material plays a decisive role in determining the electrochemical performance, safety, and commercial viability of the battery. To meet the growing demands of modern applications, these materials must combine high capacity with structural stability, thermal safety, cost-effectiveness, and excellent rate capability. This article reviews the most widely used cathode materials with layered, spinel, and olivine structures. Their key advantages and intrinsic limitations are analyzed in detail, alongside strategies to enhance performance through elemental doping and surface coating approaches. Furthermore, the review presents simple, cost-effective, and industrially scalable synthesis methods, and highlights advanced characterization techniques that provide a deeper understanding of their nanostructured features and electrochemical behavior.